The understandable notes-Carbon and its compounds, Class 10, Part-8

 SOAPS

The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic

acids. Soap is used for personal hygiene, laundry, dishwashing, household cleaning, vehicle washing, medical purposes, shaving, pet care, textile processing, and lubrication.

(Soaps sodium ya potassium salt hote hai carboxylic acids ke. Ek baat dhyan se dekhna ki soaps mai carboxylic acids ke sath sath ek metal bhi add ho raha hai isi liye inhe salts bolte hai. Ab soaps ka use kaha kaha hota hai ye to batane ki jarurat nahi hai.)

FORMATION OF MICELLES 

Soaps are molecules with different properties at each end. One end is hydrophobic (water-repelling), and the other end is hydrophilic (water-attracting). The hydrophobic end interacts with grease and oil, while the hydrophilic end interacts with water. This arrangement forms micelles. When rinsed with water, the micelles are removed, carrying the grease or dirt along with them.

(Ab soaps ke andar ek chota sa topic aata hai micelles formation ka. To dekho jab soaps water ke sath react krti hai tab micelles formation hoti hai. Micells koi molecule nahi hote. Micells bas ek formation ya arrangement hoti hai molecules ki. Dekho soap ke molecule ke andar do end hote hai. Ek jo pani se attract hota hai jise hydrophilic end kehte hai aur dusra jo hydrocarbon se attract ho jise hydrophobic kehte hai. Ab is baat ko dhyan se samjho ki chemistry mai ek rule hai ki like dissolves like.  Ye to pata hi hoga ki same type ke solutions hi ek dusre ko dissolve kr sakte hai. To jo end pani se react krega vo oil se nahi krega aur jo oil se krega vo water se interact nahi krega. Ab jab hydrophobic end oil ya grease sai react krega aur unke sath bond bana lega tab grease bhi is molecule ka part ban jayega aur fir jab pani se soap ko dhoya jayega to hydrophilic end ke sath sath ye hydrophobic end bhi beh jayega aur iske sath sath grease, oil dirt wagera bhi beh jayenge. )

PROBLEMS WITH SOAPS

Soaps are less effective in hard water because the calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions in the water react with the soap to form insoluble scum, which doesn’t dissolve in water. This prevents the soap from lathering properly, making it harder to clean effectively. As a result, soap produces less foam in hard water, which means it doesn’t clean as efficiently and can leave behind residue on skin or clothes.

( Ab soaps hard water mai kam effective hoti hai. Hard water aur kuch nahi vo water hota hai jisme minerals wagera jyada hota hai. To soaps is water se react krke insoluble scum banata hai. Kabhi apni bathroom mai nahane wali soap ko kuch din use krne ke baad dekhna uska part white so ho jata hai vo bhi scum hi hota hai. Ab jaha jaha scum produce ho jata hai vo atea kam effective ho jata hai. Yani ki soap ka vo area agar rub kiya jaye to foam kam produce hoga aur kam foam ka matlab kam clean hoga. )

DETERGENT 

Detergents are another class of cleansing agents. They are sodium salts of sulfonic acids or ammonium salts of chlorides and bromides. Their charged ends prevent the formation of scum in hard water. This makes detergents effective in both soft and hard water.

( Ab soaps ke baad us chapter ka last topic detergents. Ab soaps hard water ya for jyada mineral wale water mai kam effective ho jati hai aur uski wajah se scum ki for.ation hoti hai lekin lekin detergent mai ye sab nahi hota. Detergent kehta hai ki mujhe fark nahi padta ki pani soft ho ya hard mai to effective hi rahunga. Usi wajah se detergent ko shampoo banane ke liye bhi use kiya jata hai. Aur aap detergent se ye differentiate nahi kr sakte ki water sodt hai ya hard kyonki vo dono mai hi effective hai. To chalo ye chapter bhi khatam Ab bari hai Acid Base and Salt ki. Vo bhi jaldi se jladi khatam ho jayega.)