The understandable notes- Carbon and its compounds, Class 10, Part-6
Combustion Reaction
A combustion reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light.
Combustion of Pure Carbon
When pure carbon like coal is subjected to combustion, it forms carbon dioxide with heat and energy. This happens in the case of complete combustion when there is a good supply of air.
If there is incomplete combustion of carbon, then the products may form carbon monoxide and soot (unburnt carbon).
(Chemical Properties of carbon compounds, jab mai 10th mai tha to ye topic cut tha. Par maine organic chemistry mai ise padh rakha hai to tension mat lo. To combustion ka matlab hota hai burning. Ye baat yaad rakhna ki jab bhi kisi bhi matter ka combustion krte hai to usme oxygen ko hi add krte hai. Kyunki ye baat to sabko pata hai ki oxygen is responsible for burning of any object. Bina oxygen kai koi object jal hi nahi sakta. Aapke padosi bhi to oxygen par hi depend hai na. Haan to har compound oxygen par hi depend hota hai combustion ke liye. To chalo ek baar pure carbon jaise ki anthracite yani coal ya fir charcoal ke combustion ki baat krte hai. To combustion bhi do tarike kai hote hai. Ek jo complete ho aur dusra jo incomplete ho. Haan to jab pure carbon ka combustion hota hai to product mai aag yani fire hai carbon produce hota hai aur iske sath sath carbon dioxide bhi. Ab aag lagi hai to light bhi produce hogi na to use bhi likh diya. Ek trick batau carbon ya uske compounds ka jab bhi combustion hoga tab carbon dioxide to produce hoga hi hoga. Nahi yakeen hota to niche ka bhi padh lo.)
Combustion of Carbon Compounds
When compounds of carbon are subjected to combustion then the major products are carbon dioxide, water, heat and light. Like combustion of methane gives us water, carbon dioxide and heat,light. Also remember that these products are only formed when there us a complete combustion of carbon compounds. Consider the following reaction
( Dekho pure carbon ke baad carbon compounds ki burning ki baat aati hai. To carbon compounds jinme sirf hydrogen aur carbon hai jaise ki aldehyde, alkene aur alkane wagera inme sirf teen hi chiz present hongi carbon, hydrogen or oxygen, to products kya ban sakte hai, simple sa hai carbon dioxide and water. Ab jis bhi carbon compound ke combustion mai sirf ye teen element hi hai unie major products yehi banenge. Aur haan ye sirf complete combustion ki hi baat hai. Agar combustion incomplete ho to vahi smoke or unburnt carbon produce hoga.)
Combustion of Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds of Carbon
When saturated are compounds are subjected to combustion then in case of complete combustion the major products are carbon dioxide, and water with the release of heat and light. All the combustion Reaction are exothermic in nature. But if the combustion is incomplete due to lack of air supply then carbon monoxide and soot may get produced along with a smoky yellow flame. In complete combustion saturated compounds give a clean blue flame as you can see in your home gas stove.
( Saturated compounds ko do tarah se jalaya ja sakta hai, ya to complete ya to incomplete. Agar saturated compounds to completely jala diya jaye to carbon dioxide aur water ki formation hoti hai. Ye to sabko yaad hi hoga na ki saturated compounds konse hote hai. Jin legend bacho ko nahi yaad hai to vo fompound jinme sirf single bond hota hai unhe saturated compound bolte hai.Ek baat aur ki ye sare combustion reaction nature mai exothermic hote hai yani ki jab in reactions ko perform kiya jata hai to energy release hoti hai. Energy vaise to kisi bhi form mai ho sakti hai lekin jyada tar hum heat aur light ki hi baat krte hai. Ab agar inhe aadha adhura jalaya jaye to fir kya hoga chalo ye bhi krte hai. To jo pure carbon ke sath hoga wahi hoga. Ek to flame yellow aur smoky hogi aur dusra carbon monoxide ke sath sath soot ( unburnt carbon) bhi produce hoga. Agar saturated compounds ko completely burn kiya jaye to ek clean blue flame dikhai degi.)
If a unsaturated carbon compound is subjected to combustion then the colour of flame is yellow with smoke and soot. This is beacuse strong bonding between the carbon and less number of hydrogen atoms. Due to this unsaturated compounds generally have incomplete combustion and they produce a sooty flame. If the combustion is complete then the consequence is same as of Saturated compounds but they are not generally accepted until mentioned. Beacuse they require a rich supply of oxygen to oxidize the compound and forming carbon dioxide and water.
( Unsaturated compounds mai kahani thodi different hai. Ab saturated compounds mai to ye tha ki agar complete combustion hai to flame clean blue hogi aur agar combustion incomplete hai to flame yellow hogi. Lekin unsaturated compounds ke case mai generally incomplete combustion hi hota hai. Yani ki agar common conditions mai dekha jaye to unsaturated compounds kabhi completely burn ho hi nahi pate. Aisa isi liye hota hota kyunki double ya triple bond ki wajah se carbon bonding kafi strong ho jati hai aur hydrogen ke number bhi kam ho jate hai. Ye to sabko pata hi hoga ki hydrogen kafi flammable gas hai aur ek pop sound ke sath halti hai. To jab hydrogen ka number kam hoga aur carbon bonding bhi strong hogi tab complete combustion krna thoda mushkil hoga. Lekin agar external oxygen supply diya jaye ya fir complete combustion mention ho to flame clean blue hogi. Ab kisi bhi unsaturated compound ka reaction notebook mai practice karo. Chalo tumhe dikha dete hai ki clean blue flame aur yellow flame kaisi dikhti hai.)
( To badhai ho aapne ek chemical property study kr li. Ab bas teen hi bachi hai. To chalo ek baar se revise krte hai ki complete combustion mai carbon dioxide aur water banege vo bhi clean blue flame ke sath aur incomplete mai products carbon monoxide aur soot banenge vo bhi yellow or smoky flame ke sath.)
OXIDATION REACTION
The reaction which involves adding of oxygen and removing of hydrogen is called oxidation reaction.
Oxidation of Carbon Compounds
When the compounds of carbon are oxidized then they add oxygen to compound creating a new compound and hydrogen is removed. To oxidize any compound we need a oxidizing agent. Generally the following two compounds are used for oxidising
1) Alkaline Potassium permanganate (KMnO4).
2) Acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7).
By using these compound we can oxidize various compounds of carbon. Also the combustion reaction is also a type of oxidation reaction.
( Naam se hi samajh aa rha hai ki oxygen ko add krna aur kisi ek element ko hatana. Ab kis element ko to hydrogen ko. Vaise to iski do aur bhi definition hai par is chapter ke liye important nahi hai. Haan to jab carbon compounds ko oxidize kiya jata hai tab unme oxygen ko add kiya jata hai aur hydrogen to remove kiya jata hai. Ab kisi bhi compound ko oxidize krne par vo compound hi badal jata hai. Jo pichle topic mai tumne combustion reaction padha tha vo bhi oxidation ka hi ek part hai. Ab oxidation reaction krne ke liye oxidising agent ki jarurat hai. Oxidizing agent vo compound hote hai jo dusre compound ko oxidize kr de aur khud reduce ho jaye. To chalo kuch oxidation reactions ko study krte hai.)
Oxidation Of Alcohols
When alcohols are oxidized then they form carboxylic acid.
Addition Reaction
Addition reaction means when two or more compounds or elements combine to form a single product.
( Jab do ya do se jyada element ya compound combine hokar ek single product banate hai tab unhe addition reaction bolte hai. Abhi tumhare syllabus mai sirf ek hi addition reaction hai jisme alkenes or alkynes ko alkanes mai convert kiya jata hai to bas use hi padhte hai.)
Hydrogenation Of Alkenes and Alkynes
When hydrogen is added using a nickel or palladium catalyst then the multiple bond between carbon will break resulting in the formation of alkane.
Catalyst used- Nickel, Palladium
Consider the following reaction
( Haan to ab agar alkene mai ya fir alkyne mai hydrogen add karoge to unka jo double bond hai vo tut jayega aur formation hogi alkanes ki aur ye baat maine pehle bhi batayi ki carbon hydrogen bhai bhai hote hai jab carbon ki valency puri nahi hogi tab waha par hydrogen add kr dena. To bas alkene sai direct alkane ban jayega. Same chix hogi agar alkyne ho bas usme do ki jagah 4 hydrogen add ho jayegi par banwga alkane hi. To bas addition reaction mai yehi tha ki Nickel or palladium ko catalyst ki tarah use krte hai aur addition krwa dete hai ab bas ek hi reaction bacha hai. Vaise to addition reaction mai hydrohalogenation bhi hoti aur aur bhi kafi sare reactions hote hai par tumhe bas yehi wala yaad krna hai aur iska naam Hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes hai. Haan aur khane ke liye unsaturated fatty acid healthy hoti hai aur saturated unhealthy. Jo log soch rahe hai ki ye kaise beech mai aa gaya to ye ncert mai ek line hai to maine socha yaha par likh hi du kahi fir tum kaho ki aadha adhura chapter dala hua hai. )
Substitution Reaction
Substitution reactions are a type of chemical reaction where one atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
( To substitution reaction ek atom ya group od atom kisi dusre atom ya group of atom se interchange ho jate hai. Ab jo log ye soch rahe hai ki addition mai bhi do double bond hyfrogen se change ho gaya tha to double bond koi atom ya group of atom nahi tha. Vaise to ye bhi kafi sare tarike ke hote hai par hume bas ek hi padhna hai.)
Reaction of Alkane with Halogen
When chlorine or bromine reacts with alkane in the presence of sunlight then they remove hydrogen atom and gets bonded to alkane forming haloalkane and acid. The reaction will be
( To jab bhi alkane jaise ki methane ka reaction kisi halogen ke sath sunlight ki presence mai kiya jata hai tab ek to haloalkane produce hota hai aur ek acid bhi. To bas yehi properties thi carbon compounds ki ab inhe yaad kr lena aur samjh lena. Ek chiz aur ki arrow ke upar agar hV ka sign laga to kafi badhiya lagega. Nahi lagana hai to sunlight likh dena mai likhna bhul gaya. Is hV vale ka v thoda sa curve dekar banana kyunki yai frequency ka sign hota hai. To chemical properties bhi khatam ab mere hisab se do aur parts mai aapka chapter khatam ho jayega. )
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